[build] Migrate to Gradle version catalogs (#8524)

Also fixes the google compile-testing library to 0.23.0 (the latest
available at time of writing) instead of a wildcard

Jackson versions were inconsistent across projects; most were on 2.19.2,
but the fields subproject was on 2.15.2. All projects are now on 2.19.2
for consistency

shared/java/javacommon.gradle

@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ tasks.withType(JavaCompile).configureEach {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.13.4'
-    testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher'
+    testImplementation libs.junit.api
+    testRuntimeOnly libs.junit.launcher
 
     devImplementation sourceSets.main.output
 }